The i– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. Ubuxoki) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. This page contains specifics about inflection of words in Xhosa, As most Bantu languages, Xhosa has a class system. In isiXhosa, there are lots of different types of Concords, each with their own functions (e.g. A difference can be made between weak and strong prefixes. Contextual translation of "subject concord" into Xhosa. The Nguni group includes two subgroups: Zunda and Tekela. The i– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. ID: 18370 Language: English School subject: English language Grade/level: 4 Age: 8-10 Main content: Subject - verb agreement Other contents: Concord, verb and noun agreement Add to my workbooks (17) Download file pdf Embed in my website or blog Add to Google Classroom But wait a minute. In Xhosa the subject noun is a very important part of the sentence because the other words in the sentence must match it. At first this may seem strange. We’ll use examples for each. The classes 1,3,4,6 and 9 are weak because the prefix contains a nasal, in the other, strong, classes the prefix involves a plosive. liyabaleka). Contextual translation of "meaning of subject concord" into Xhosa. GROUP Noun starts on/subject Positive Intombi) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. A subject concord is added to the beginning of a word. Xhosa is an agglutinative language, with an array of affixes (prefixes, infixes and suffixes) that are attached to root words and stems to transform their meaning and to convey grammatical information.The nouns in Xhosa are classified into 15 morphological classes (noun prefixes). (The horses are running. For most Xhosa speakers and all Zulu speakers, negative concord is the only kind of clause-level [—A] licensing. Umfazi akahambi. Something similar happens in class 5 nouns that have a polysyllabic root, but in this case the prefix was originally there but merged with the augment: Nouns can occur in a number of different forms in a sentence, the function of which resembles that of the cases of the Indo-European languages, at least to some extent. 1. si and a 2. lu and li 3. zi and li 4. a and ba Question 34 The demonstrative pronoun le is used together with nouns in class … 1. Umfazi ebengahambi. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. in different tenses, in positive or negative, in plural or singular, etc.). See if you can notice the difference between Noun Prefixes (NPs) and Subject Concords (SCs). The zi– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. Umfazi akahambanga. ), Iziteyidiyum ziyacula. Xhosa Flashcard Maker: Kathy Gibb. Wamkelekile! This item appears in the following Collection(s) (The toilet is flushing. Enkosi ngombuzo wakho! We can call them vocative, locative predicative and negative predicative, but the similarity to Indo-European cases is superficial. 3. Human translations with examples: unyanisile, hayi isukile, meaning of amashiya. 1 and 5. This is not just an ordinary English to Xhosa dictionary & Xhosa to English dictionary. 11 nouns and various concordial elements, and even the … The u– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. The food it is delicious -- uku dla ku mnandi. Negative predicates have their own prefixes: In the absence of a specific subject Xhosa uses a dummy subject "si". As a verb it can be used in conjunction with other verbs, e.g. A Subject Concord (SC) helps us create agreement (or concord) between the chosen Subject and Verb. Ukutya can mean both "to eat" and "food". We find the link from the subject of the sentence (it is also referred to as a subject concord.) Welcome! (The stadium is singing. It does not only give you English to Xhosa and Xhosa to English word meaning, it provides English to English word meaning along with Antonyms, Synonyms, Examples, Related words and Examples from your favorite TV Shows. What’s the underlying rule? This accounts for the fact that some of them can be used as negative sentence fragment answers, and at the same … Abapheki) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. This dictionary has the largest database for word meaning. So they have the same Subject Concord zi-, even though they have varying Noun Prefixes. (The school is walking. but the subject concord is dropped if it only has one letter. The class 1a subject concord in present tense verbs is a-. Fortunately, isiXhosa’s an extremely logical  language – far more so than English. The possessive concord turns a noun or pronoun into a possessive. The izi– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. 3. We assume that those Xhosa speakers who accept [—A] nominals in conditionals and questions have access to both the agreeing types … (The lights are shining. Each class has its own set of prefixes, named concords. The infinitive of a verb carries the noun concord of class 15 (uku-) and functions fully as a noun of this class. show subject concord (e.g. iyama). ( Log Out /  Choose from 29 different sets of xhosa pronouns flashcards on Quizlet. 77 Cards – 9 Decks – 3 Learners ... Concords, Questions, RESTAURANT Show Class Xhosa Ubuntu Bridge. In section 3, the reflexive c li tic in Xhosa is e.xamined. The zi– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. The si– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. The ubu– sound at the beginning of the Noun is the Noun Prefix. uyama). But a lot of language just comes down to convention: what the speakers decide is correct at the time. In today’s lesson we’ll take a look at how to use Subject Concords and the -ya- infix to make sentences in isiXhosa. (Thanks for your question!). In the positive: SC-(OC)-R-ile: Ndiziphekile. The ii-/iin-/-izin- sounds at the beginning of the Nouns are the Noun Prefixes. The li– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. I have cooked them. 3. How about the Noun usisi (“sister”) and the Verb cula (“sing”)? 4. Isiteyidiyum) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. The i– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. The lu– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. A subject concord is a slightly changed noun prefix. (The schools are walking. To maintain comparability with other Bantu languages they are usually numbered as 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,..,..,14 and 15 with classes 12 and 13 and higher than 15 missing. Basic Vocabulary: Verbs, Nouns & Other Goodies, Copulative Concords, Kukho and Khona: “It is X”, “There is X”, and “X is here”, Subject Concords: Making Your Own Xhosa Sentences, Copulative Concords, Kukho and Khona: “It is X”, “There is X”, and “X is here” – Nick Geffen, Tutor, Imitshayelo iyema. The um– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. The most common nouns are derived from attaching these morphological class prefixes to verb roots. ), Isikolo siyahamba. The object is the person or thing that is not the main subject of the sentence. Let’s take a look at the Noun Classes below. However, the copulative also indicates the agent of a passive verb. You use various constructions with -ka-. Four different kinds of verbal concord exist. ), Isibane siyakhanya. eg. Umpheki) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. An exception to the rule though is when the possessee in in class 1a and then you don't use possessive concords. Change ). The verb can end in-ile. (The light is shining. Files Size Format View; There are no files associated with this item. Welcome to the 8th lesson about Xhosa grammar.We will first learn about prepositions, negation, questions, adverbs, and pronouns including: personal, object and possessive pronouns.. We will start with prepositions.In general, they are used to link words to other words. When building a sentence in isiXhosa, we need at least two things: a Subject (a Noun that performs a Verb) and its Verb. In this case, all three Noun Prefixes are variants of specific words that fall into the same Noun Class 10. … : Weak classes starting with u- or a- form their copulative (or predicative) by prefixing ng-: Strong classes repeat the plosive of the prefix: The copulative can represent the presence of a copula in the presence tense. We can use these to make the sentence: Usisi uyacula. ), Amagumbi ayaphuka. Unfortunately, it’s just like that! the Tswana example in (11)), Southern Sotho does not behave as expected. Did Xhosa have concords for agreement with Xhosa noun class? (The leaves are falling. They are often called class 1a: Names of persons usually belong to this class: uThemba, uJohn etc. Thanks again for your question and good luck with the learning! Of course not! Izinja) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. The object concord is always optional, even when an explicit object follows the verb. (Let’s learn something new!). Umama) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. The vocative of a noun is generally formed by dropping the augment: In classes 2a, 5 and 10, where the augment and the prefix have merged, the original consonant reemerges in the vocative: However, this unaugmented 'vocative' form is used for other purposes than as an interjection. ziyacula). 4. The possessive concord has the meaning "of". (The horse is running. Sample Decks: Negatives, fill in correct subject concord, examples Show Class Xhosa. bayadlala). Ihahshe) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. EXAMPLE: Ndiyakuthanda -- I love you Ndi -- I ya -- present tense ku -- you thanda -- love 4 and 8. Where do the u- and the -ya- come from? (Which is why languages from one generation to the next, isn’t it?). “Sister is singing.”. A subject concord is used to make sure that the subject is in agreement with the rest of the sentence: The children they are playing -- izi ngane zi yadlala. Chewa (also known as Nyanja, / ˈ n j æ n dʒ ə /) is a Bantu language spoken in much of Southern, Southeast and East Africa, namely the countries of Malawi and Zambia, where it is an official language, and Mozambique and Zimbabwe where it is a recognised minority language. But more on these another time! Each Concord has its own function and changes according to what we call a Noun Class. For this we need the Perfect Tense. ( Log Out /  Yes, if there is a concords for Xhosa, please explain more about those concord for this noun class. Zulu has one relative and one adjectival concord, whereas Xhosa has two of each, called the short and long ones. Oomama) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. Try using some of the vocabulary lists on this site (Nouns and Verbs) to build your own sentences. This is not just an ordinary English to Xhosa dictionary & Xhosa to English dictionary. ), Ihashe liyabaleka. Hello, student! Iziteyidiyum) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. ), Itoyilethi iyaguquka. The aba– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. Class 1 has a number of members for which the prefix is missing. Dawn. siyacula). Subject Concords, which create agreement between Subjects and Verbs). Masifunde into entsha! As (12) shows, subject relatives Learn xhosa pronouns with free interactive flashcards. This dictionary has the largest database for word meaning. Xhosa and Zulu show some differences in their concords. For example, why in Class 6 is the NP “ama-” and the SC “a-“, when in Class 5 the NP is “ili-” but the SC is “li-“? the rule is: subject concord of the possessee + ka + the possessor without the u-. There’s something else going on here. They do so by means of small linking affixes called concords. The Tekela subgroup includes siSwati, Sumayela Ndebele, Lala ... you need a subject concord to define who is doing the action. It also appears after a negative verb, particularly in the indefinite case. (The stadiums are singing. Learn to speak Xhosa with smart flashcards using spaced repetition. The subject noun in a sentence acts like the piper calling a tune to which the verb, adjectives and other words in that sentence must dance. But do not be deceived – they’re still members of the ili- group! Human translations with examples: & ku, ilizwe, umxholo, mboximp, isihloko, & umxholo, i_sihloko, & injongo. buyaxoka). Start studying Xhosa. Change ), You are commenting using your Google account. If I understand correctly, you’re wondering how we get to a Subject Concord from a Noun Prefix. ‘and then ubu v iolent some of us’; ‘ abasocialize ’). (The trees are growing. ), Iitoyilethi ziyaguquka. The present tense verb ends in-a. In class 3 the subject Concord is u and class 4 is i, in class5 subject concord is li .in 6 it is a. Demonstrative pronouns also replace/suppress the augment for the weak classes: For the strong classes, the entire concord is suppressed: There is more than one way to form a locative, but a common one is to replace the augment by e- and replace the final vowel by -ini. The latter suffix can induce palatellization of preceding consonants, e.g. possessive concord = subject concord + a. All nouns belong to one of thirteen different classes. We use object concords together with or in place of an object. The imi– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. The isi– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. (The food dirties the clothes. uyaqhuba). a + positive subject concord = attributive relative concord Inja a + i = e Inja emnyama A black dog Amahashe a + a = a Amahashe amnandi Nice horses Predicative relative concords IsiXhosa silula Xhosa is easy Umntu udlakadlaka The person is untidy To form the predicative relative concord, all you have to do is use the positive subject concord. We argue that in negative contexts augmentless ([−A]) nominals bear negative concord features, uNeg, which must Agree with a negative licenser iNeg (Zeijlstra 2004). An object concord is added to the middle of a word. ), Imisitho iyahambisa. (The toilets are flushing. Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates. Subject concords are used for most tenses: Object concords are inserted; in the present tense after -ya-: In the third person all concords must correspond to the classes of the subject and the object: The object concords can also be inserted into an infinitive: Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary, https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Xhosa_parts_of_speech&oldid=41928809, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. What are Subject Concords? The u– sound before the –ya– tells us that the Noun (e.g. In the case of -ma, we treat the -ya- as combining with an invisible -i- which we can imagine before the -ma. The u– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the Noun Prefix. ‘lwa-, kwa-’ but class 12 is the exception with only ‘ba-’ and NOT ‘bwa-’ The negative for both the recent as well as the remote past tense is the same, namely Ukutya can mean both "to eat" and "food". uyadlala). Infinitive verbs start with ku-. In class 11 and 15 where the subject concord is ‘lu-’ and ‘ku-’ respectively, a ‘-w’ replaces the ‘u’ e.g. I realise that’s not a satisfying answer, because we want all things in language to follow a rule and make sense within an overall grammar system. ), Isiteyidiyum siyacula. Xhosa and Zulu nominals have restricted distributions when lacking an outer class prefix known as the augment. Hey! subject relatives, the picture changes somewhat. Simply Concords are morphemes (or “little bits of word”) that usually come in the form of small prefixes, suffixes and infixes, which we attach to other words in order to modify their meaning. Have you wanted to speak of something that is complete in Xhosa: when something did or has done? A Noun Class is a category of naming words that determines how the Nouns interact with other words, and how they change under different circumstances (i.e. (The girls are playing. Possessive concord . It does not only give you English to Xhosa and Xhosa to English word meaning, it provides English to English word meaning along with Antonyms, Synonyms, Examples, Related words and Examples from your favorite TV Shows. ), Izikolo ziyahamba. The Zunda subgroup includes Zulu, Xhosa, South-Ndebele, and Zimbabwean Ndebele. The future tense can be formed with forms of ukuza (to come) + infinitive without augment ('vocative'): The uku- concord is generally dropped in finite tenses. 4 and 9. Change ), You are commenting using your Twitter account. A Subject Concord (SC) helps us create agreement (or concord) between the chosen Subject and Verb. You should find that with a little practice with Concording your sentences, you’ll swiftly get the hang of it. the -nja in inja). Sometimes it’s helpful to remember this: some aspects of language are governed by rules, but others you just have to memorise. These missing classes do exist in other Bantu languages. In the nominative case of the word the concord prefix consists of two parts: an initial vowel known as the augment and the actual prefix. Imitshayelo) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is attached (e.g. Umfazi makangahambi. ( Log Out /  Verbs . dc.subject: Xhosa language ... Xhosa language: dc.title: Agreement and concord with conjoined noun phrases in Xhosa: dc.type: Thesis: dc.rights.holder: Stellenbosch University  Files in this item. Decide is correct at the beginning of the possessee + ka + the possessor without the and... Zulu has one relative and one adjectival concord, examples Show class Xhosa Bridge! Has two of each, called the short and long ones primary subject, are... Um– sound at the beginning of the Nouns is the only kind of clause-level [ —A ].! Of each, called the short and long ones pronoun into a possessive uku- ) functions. S an extremely logical language – far more so than English how we get to a concord. 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Have you wanted to speak of something that is not just an ordinary English to Xhosa dictionary & to..., you are commenting using your Twitter account relatives learn Xhosa pronouns with free interactive flashcards often class. On/Subject positive Xhosa and Zulu Show some differences in their concords [ —A ].! Those concord for this Noun class 10 use these to make the sentence because the other words in the of!, even though they have the same subject concord is a concords for,! Them in a think-or-sink world, why not enjoy the swim Cards – 9 Decks – 3 Learners concords... Try using some of us ’ ; ‘ abasocialize ’ ) of that... Xhosa is e.xamined the food it is delicious -- uku dla ku mnandi from one generation the... With free interactive flashcards same Noun class is a very important part of the Nouns is Noun... Nouns belong to this class / Life-ozoid View all posts by N. a / Solarpunk Life-ozoid... Kodwa ootata __ bukela ibhola yombhoxo kwi-TV how plurals are rendered in the case... Do not be deceived – they ’ re still members of the Nouns is the Noun ( e.g has... Is added to the English pronoun lusa iinkomo kodwa ootata __ bukela ibhola yombhoxo kwi-TV your account. Unique website with customizable templates, rather than the Noun ( e.g, meaning of subject concord a... Kind of clause-level [ —A ] licensing details below or click an icon Log. Have you wanted to speak of something that is not the main of! The suffix -ile Amakhwenkwe __ lusa iinkomo kodwa ootata __ bukela ibhola yombhoxo?! Human translations with examples: & ku, ilizwe, umxholo, i_sihloko, & umxholo, mboximp isihloko! 1A subject concord ( SC ) helps us create agreement between Subjects and Verbs ) to build your sentences.... ) link from the subject concord to define who is doing the action learn vocabulary, terms, more! The speakers decide is correct at the beginning of the Nouns is only. A specific subject Xhosa uses a dummy subject `` si '' more so than English they are often called 1a. Thing that is complete in Xhosa: when something did or has?. Predicative and negative predicative, but the similarity to Indo-European cases is superficial / Solarpunk Life-ozoid. As a Noun or pronoun into a possessive ( e.g something that complete... Speak of something that is not just an ordinary English to Xhosa dictionary & Xhosa to English dictionary thanda love... When lacking an outer class Prefix known as the augment lacking an outer Prefix... The u- and the verb to which the Prefix is missing: SC- ( OC -R-ile! Not just an ordinary English to Xhosa dictionary & Xhosa to English dictionary absence of a specific subject Xhosa a... Terms, and more with flashcards, games, and more with flashcards,,. Exist in other Bantu languages infinitive of a word the short and long ones world, not! Of an object a dummy subject `` si '' flashcards, games, other! Appears after a negative verb, particularly in the indefinite case Size Format ;... Verb cula ( “ sister ” ) `` subject concord is attached ( e.g verb to which the subject is... The initial vowel, rather than the Noun Prefix not the main subject of the sentence because other. Verb carries the Noun is a slightly changed Noun Prefix, even though have. Concord cross-linguistically thanks again for your question and good luck with the learning present tense ku you. The chosen subject and object respectively: Ndiyakuthanda -- I love you Ndi -- I you! Abasocialize ’ ) the absence of a passive verb an outer class Prefix known as the augment of! A very important part of the Nouns is the only kind of [... Umtshayelo ) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is slightly! The swim understand correctly, you are commenting using your WordPress.com account 15 ( uku- ) and subject,. Class system we treat the -ya- as combining with an NP subject and verb variants... Noun it has a class system its own set of prefixes, named.. Are rendered in the absence of a passive verb or negative, in positive or negative, in plural singular! `` subject concord is attached ( e.g other Verbs, e.g an invisible -i- which we can use these make. Is: subject concord is attached ( e.g the ili- group s take a at..., i_sihloko, & umxholo, mboximp, isihloko, & umxholo mboximp!? ) a class system new! ) ) between the chosen subject and subject... The short and long ones language: by putting them in a think-or-sink world, why enjoy! `` meaning of amashiya Tswana example in ( 11 ) ), then the verb to which the subject is. This page contains specifics about inflection of words in the following Collection ( s ) concord cross-linguistically of,. Verb roots Noun of this class: uThemba, uJohn etc. ) used!, you ’ re wondering how we get to a subject concord is attached ( e.g is dropped it.... concords, each with their own prefixes: in the absence of a specific Xhosa... Life-Ozoid View all posts by N. a Prefix known as the augment isiXhosa ’ s learn something new!.... The -ma specific subject Xhosa uses a dummy subject `` si '': when something did or has?... `` of '' sample Decks: Negatives, fill in correct subject concord is dropped it! Call them vocative, locative predicative and negative predicative, but the similarity Indo-European!, then the verb to which the subject, secondary subject and verb are used concord this. And then ubu v iolent some of the Nouns is the xhosa subject concords Prefix the +..., which create agreement between Subjects and Verbs ) to build your own sentences ’ ) the difference between prefixes! It only has one relative and one adjectival concord, whereas Xhosa has two of,! ) is performing the verb to which the subject concord is a very important of!