Theoretical perspectives on pollination. It bears staminate and hermaphrodite flowers in spathes. [ Links ], Maheshwari, P. & Maheshwari, J.K. 1955. New York, Springer-Verlag. 3). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 72:211-222. In: Dahlgren, R.M.T. Subterranean stems bear one spathe per node, each enclosing a single cleistogamous flower. Direct autogamy is the type of autogamy in which pollination occurs due to the direct touch between the anthers and stigma by growth or bending (eg-Catharanthus, Mirabilis).Indirect autogamy occurs due to factors like dew, gravity e.t.c. Kaul & Koul (2008) reported a similar observation regarding Commelina caroliniana Walter. [ Links ], Olorode, O. [ Links ], Hrycan, W.C. & Davis A.R. Accepted: 31 May, 2013, * Author for correspondence: oziegbem@oauife.edu.ng, All the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License, SCLN 307 - Bloco B - Sala 218 - Ed. in Papaya. 152 Downloads; 5 Citations; Abstract. In: Richards, A.J. However, the pollen : ovule ratio for perfect flowers (2100–2500) of C. communis is similar to that in facultative outcrossing species ( Cruden 1977 ; Morita & Nigorikawa 1999 ). In C. coelestis and C. dianthifolia, Hrycan & Davis (2005) observed that the stigma is close to the lateral anther, although the authors found that the central stamen is responsible for autogamy in the latter species. aquatica and C. diffusa subsp. What is Pollination & Types of Pollination Pollination: ... Commelina also bears normal flowers on their aerial parts in addition to underground cleistogamous flowers. 2. significance of Cliestogamy: It ensures self pollination. Comparative structure and pollen production of the stamens and pollinator-deceptive staminodes of Commelina coelestis and C. dianthifolia (Commelinaceae). Wichita Falls: Midwestern State University, Department of Biology. Some other flowers of … Weltweite Verbreitung: Mexico. Their flowers are usually brightly colored. Commelina, viola, and oxalis that carries both chasmogamous and Cliestogamy flowers. Title. [ Links ], Luo, Z.; Zhang, D. & Renner, S.S. 2008. Self-pollination occurs in a small numbers of plants in nature. Chasmogamous flowers with exposed anthers and stigma. … [ Links ], Kaul, V. & Koul A.K. Chromosomes of four species of Commelina (Commelinaceae). & Ene-Obong, E.E. With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. Buzz pollination in angiosperms. [ Links ], Yeo, P.F. questions on pollination Anthers of two of the three fertile stamens are light grey; that of the third central stamen is yellow. The subterranean cleistogamous flowers of Benghal dayflower and their apparently unique mode of pollination, viewed together with reproductive capacity of its aerial chasmogamous flowers, underscore the complexity and flexibility of the reproductive biology of this noxious weed species. Advantages and Disadvantages of Cross-Pollination 3. Introduction Cleistogamy is reported in 693 angiosperm species distributed over 50 families (Culley and Klooster 2007). Three subspecies of C. erecta are widespread in West Africa and have also been reported from tropical Africa, the eastern United States, Argentina, and Puerto Rico. Oecologia 85:41-47. Many plants are pollinated by a particular animal species and the flowers are modified accordingly and thus there exists a co-evolution between plants and animals.. Let us imagine if pollination fails. 2008. montana presented a high percent seed-set from their spontaneously self-pollinated flowers for which only the lateral or central stamens remained, whereas C. lagosensis, although also showing a high seed-set from spontaneously self-pollinated flowers with only the lateral stamens remaining, showed a low seed-set from those with only the central stamen remaining (Tab. 2000. Cleistogamy occurs late in the flowering season in some plants, e.g., Commelina bengalensis, Balsam, Oxalis, Viola. The anatomy and pollination of subterranean cleistogamous flowers of Benghal dayflower (Commelina benghalensis) is described as a contribution to understanding its reproductive biology. However, the Commelina variants studied produced more hermaphrodite flowers than staminate flowers. gigas, as described by Faden (1993), who observed that the latter rarely sets seeds, although occasionally producing one or two seeds per capsule. & Baquar, S.R. This situation can have important evolutionary consequences when the offer of pollen as food to attract pollinators (i.e., in exchange for pollination) lowers the total number of gametes available for cross-fertilization and reduces fitness. [ Links ], Grabiele, M.; Davina, J.R. & Honfi, A.I. Select the purchase illeg., Erxlebia fusiformis Medik. Sex expression and breeding strategy in Commelina benghalensis L. Kaul V(1), Koul AK. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. This paper describes the results of a series of experiments conducted to unravel the patterns of sex expression and reproductive output in a fascinating species with high variation in sexuality. montana, each having two staminodes); two variants of C. erecta (with three staminodes); and C. lagosensis (also with three staminodes). Hrycan & Davis (2005) reported that, in C. coelestis and Commelina dianthifolia Delile, the staminode stamen is intermediate in size between the lateral and central stamen. In some cases, the coiling stigma missed the lateral anther and hit the central anther, thereby taking pollen directly from the central anther. Filament length was recorded as the distance between the pedicel-receptacle junction and the anther-filament junction (Ushimaru & Nakata 2002); style length was determined in a similar manner, from the pedicel-receptacle junction to the stigma. Pp. Staminodes that produce pollen rewards are generally sterile (Yeo 1993), which is not exactly the case observed in the present study, in which the percent pollen stainability was high in all variants except C. diffusa subsp. 1). Pollination is one of the most critical events in sexual reproduction of flowering plants. This is reflected in the high seed-set from their lateral and central stamens in the spontaneous and hand pollination treatments. The salient features of this theorized pollination syndrome for Commelina were largely verified experimentally recently by Ushimaru et al. montana, each having two staminodes); two variants of C. erecta (with three staminodes); and C. lagosensis (also with three staminodes). Commelina communis is self‐compatible, and can exhibit delayed autogamy or bud pollination ( Morita & Nigorikawa 1999 ). Secondary pollen presentation. We collected C. diffusa subsp. Such flowers are small, inconspicuous and lack colour and fragrance. In the three Commelina species studied here, pollination is mainly through autogamy and insects were not observed foraging on the anthers of any of the species. Assertion A: In Commelina always self pollination takes place. Nevertheless, Faden (2000) reported that anthers responsible for pollinator attraction alone may contain less reward than do pollinating anthers. 6 and 7). Staminal varation and its possible significance in Commelina benghalensis L. and Commelina caroliniana Walter. 3). The Botanical Review 67:351-402. 1-5). Commelina communis is self‐compatible, and can exhibit delayed autogamy or bud pollination ( Morita & Nigorikawa 1999 ). Commelina erecta and C. lagosensis both produced six stamens, whereas the C. diffusa subspecies produced only five (Fig. Breeding strategy in Commelina benghalensis L. 977 J. Biosci. montana (Tab. 1983. Commelina diffusa subsp. Floral dimorphism in Commelina forskalaei Vahl. (2007) for the Asiatic dayflower, Com melina communis L. (Fig. intramorph) pollination resulted in no seed set. Following the experimental, sys tematic removal of various subsets of the floral organs in different flowers, Ushimaru et al. In some spathes, structurally hermaphrodite flowers of the third and fourth orders function either as male or female. The light yellow color of the staminode in C. lagosensis is not attractive so it might not play the role of insect attraction known for staminodes in other Commelina species. Cleistogamous flowers are bisexual flowers which never open. There is no chance of cross-pollination. The experiment was carried out in the Department of Botany of Obafemi Awolowo University, in the city of Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Ten flowers of each variant/accession were used for each of eight pollination treatments. Benghal dayflower is an Old World species Request Permissions. It bears staminate and hermaphrodite flowers in spathes. Statistical analysis was performed using the SAS system, version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 79:46-52. Floral phenology in relation to pollination and reproductive output in Commelina caroliniana (Commelinaceae) Author: Kaul, Veenu, Koul, A.K. To access this article, please, Access everything in the JPASS collection, Download up to 10 article PDFs to save and keep, Download up to 120 article PDFs to save and keep. Such flowers are called chasmogamous flowers. Pp. The stems of the following Commelina species were collected at various sites within the borders of the Obafemi Awolowo University campus, listed here as geographic coordinates (elevation): C. erecta e1 and C. erecta e2 at 07º31.146'N; 004º31.583'E (287 m) and 07º31.146'N, 004º31.583'E (287 m); C. lagosensis at 07º31.151'N; 004º31.545'E (290 m) and 07º31.148'N; 004º31.571'E (288 m); and C. diffusa subsp. ( ) Reason R: Commelina shows cleistogamous flowers. The Pollination of Flowers by Insects. aquatica Morton and C. diffusa subsp. Tapetum is amoeboid and endothecium is present. Access supplemental materials and multimedia. In the present study, a significantly higher seed-set was observed in hand pollination treatments than in spontaneous self-pollination treatments using lateral and central stamens, which indicates that pollen from these stamens does not always get to the stigma or that the pollen load on the stigma is reduced during self-pollination. Percent pollen stainability of lateral and central stamens was highest in C. erecta, C. lagosensis and C. diffusa subsp. The flowers are structured for cross-pollination. The parts of the androecium that specifically may attract potential pollen vectors are anthers, filament hairs, pollen, and anther or pollen-like structures-staminodes and hairs (Faden 1992a). This resulted in a significantly higher seed-set from the lateral stamen than from the central stamen in the self-pollination treatments, indicating that the lateral stamen will contribute more to seed production than will the central stamen in these species. It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther (or microsporophyll) to stigma (receptive regions of megasporophyll).. Pollen from the central and lateral anthers are capable of siring seeds spontaneously, except in C. diffusa subsp. Among the stamens of the three studied species of Com melina, the staminodes were found to be the shortest and the lateral stamens the longest. option. For each variant collected, voucher specimens were deposited in the Herbarium of the Botany Department of Obafemi Awolowo University, in Ile-Ife (code, IFE). Adaptations. They may be present on same plant e.g., in maize or on different plants e.g. 6-11). [ Links ], Harder, L.D. Attraction and de-ceit of pollinators is thought to be served primarily by the upper half of Commelina fl owers in which there are typically two showy petals … Cleistogamy in commelina 1) Cleistogamy :- cleistogamy is type of autogamy self pollination in which its Floral and reproductive parts of flower is closed or encircle with Petals or flower which never open. The three-carpellate superior ovary bears five dimorphic orthotropous ovules. Subterranean stems bear one spathe per node, each enclosing a single cleistogamous flower. [ Links ], Burkill, H.M. 1985. First Online: 03 December 2009. Sex expression and breeding strategy in Commelina benghalensis L. Authors; Authors and affiliations; Veenu Kaul; Awtar Kishen Koul; Article. 57-66. 381-387. 1993. Reproductive biology of Commelina erecta (Commelinaceae). 2005. Allosperma tuberosa (L.) Raf., Commelina loddigesii Steud., Commelina undulata G.Lodd., nom. 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