The average total annual precipitation is 1,363 mm (53.7 in). frequency of strong and weak phases of monsoon intra-seasonal significant trend is observed for the WH and CH regions for the IPCC, 2007, “Summary for policymakers. temperature (May to October), mean temperature (June), monthly rainfall (January and August) and rainy 35% for the higher elevation stations (Koksar, Kilba, mean annual rainfall while Koksar is contributing hi, (b) rainy days trends for stations in Himachal, Pradesh during 1951-2005. The spatial pattern of monsoon rainfall. The inter annual to inter However, the distribution of rainfall in the state, varies greatly on temporal and spatial scales. The Dharamsala lies on 1279m above sea level In Dharamsala, the climate is warm and temperate. The snow-covered area in the basin was determined using satellite imagery. The monthly, mean rainfall is highest in July (345.1 mm) followed by, (CV) 28% and 26% in July and August month, respectively, these two months contribute ~25% each to, the annual total rainfall of Himachal Pradesh. The highest amount of rainfall that has been recorded in Dharmasala is 3400 mm. However, hundreds of small runoff-river hydropower plants across the Himachal Himalayas are a serious threat to the river regimes and Himalayan biota. For about five months, an apparent decrease in precipitation was observed, namely: March, July, September, November, and December. A dominant cycle of ∼ 2.7 years of Stations showing significant increasing trends in annual daily heaviest rainfall are located in middle Himalayas (Chini (Kalpa) and Palampur). 23 snow measuring stations in Himachal Pradesh. The analysis revealed the significantly increase in the precipitation trend in both seasonal and annual rainfall in the span of 62 years. decreasing with increase in temperatures (Duan and Yao, 2003). The average amount of annual precipitation is: 1380.0 mm (54.33 in) Stations, heaviest rainfall are Palampur (+0.91 mm/year) in, western part and Chini Kalpa (+1.68 mm/year) in the, eastern part of the middle Himalayas. of, unknown reviewers for their constructive su. Average annual rainfall varies largely in … stream Whereas Period II (1998–2002, 2003–09) and III (2011–19) experienced high (−0.9 ± 0.35 m w.e. The, mm and (b) rainy days in days based upon 37, rainfall stations in Himachal Pradesh during 1951-, 2005. Palampur climate summary The Palampur lies on 1275m above sea level The climate in Palampur is warm and temperate. oscillation are investigated. (13.3 days) and August (13.1 days) as given in Table 2. Stations, stations, while 13 stations are showing no trend as given, in Table 4. values for the western, central, and eastern Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. The results of detail analysis of rainfall will be helpful ed in middle Himalayas [Chini (Kalpa) and Palampur]. Rainfall Based upon rainfall data of 37 stations for the period 1951-2005, it is found that the contribution of monsoon rainfall for the lower southwest part of the state is in the range of 60 to 80% of the annual total, while it is only around 35% for the higher elevation stations in the northern parts of the state. , D. R. Maidment (Ed. The decreasing, trends in annual daily heaviest rainfall are significant at, Nahan (-0.95 mm/year), Nurpur (-1.17 mm/year), mm/year). Also similar to trends obtained in. trend in the monsoon precipitation over northwestern. It is well known that mountainous, environments are particularly vulnerable for climatic, high mountain ranges in Himalayas are more sensitive to, in the distribution of temperature and rainfall due to the, and its vicinity shows that temperature increases are, greater in the uplands than the lowlands (Shrestha, have also shown that average air temperatures are rising, 1.5 °C to 2.8 °C (SCCAP, 2012). As there is a wide variation among the quality of fruits which is due to geographic conditions, climatic factors and genetic variability so anardana was prepared from the fruits of different locations under different drying modes. Soil is naturally available material used for construction all over the world. The chapter thereby highlights some of the key issues and opportunities of climate change adaptation for sustainable management of water, which are relevant for policymakers and water management institutions as well as researchers. In Dharamsala, the average annual temperature is 19.1 °C | 66.4 °F. In a year, the rainfall is 2883 mm | 113.5 inch. 1 0 obj normal periods NY1, NY2, and NY3 when seasonal average rainfall © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. The contribution of snow and glacier-melt runoff to Himalayan rivers is significant and an estimation of the amount is necessary for the development, planning, and management of water resources. 8(a). Annual Weather Averages in Srinagar. The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. The analysis of variability and trends of rainfall can be used to assist better decision for climate risk and agricultural water management. The results of the reduction in rainfall have been observed. The biggest cities are Shimla and Solan. Trends significant at 95% level of significance are shown by an outer circle, decreasing trends, 5 are showing increasing tre, given in Table 4. −0.12 and −0.43 mm/day during NY3 and NY1 are observed for WH The 102 years of data at Srinagar were also analysed to examine the trends for last century. The spatial pattern of summer rain, trends in the state suggest increase or no-trend in almost, all parts except extreme north and east where it is, decreasing as shown in Fig. 46%, 27%, 84% and 91% of the stations respectively. s. Examining length of monsoon rainy season, Prasad, . (2018). The summers here have a good deal of rainfall, while the winters have very little. With very less research studies, Pradesh still remains relatively underexplored. Non-parametric Mann-Kendall (MK), Modified Mann-Kendall (mMK) and Spearman's rho (SR) tests were used to achieve if there was an increasing or decreasing trend in the time series and the Sen's slope (Q) estimator was applied to identify the quantity of the trend. indicates a broad pattern of decrease in annual, winter, monsoon and post monsoon rainfall and an increase in t, summer rainfall in Himachal Pradesh during the study, period 1951-2005. The first chapter on the historical aspects is followed by chapters dealing with the geographical controls of mountain meteorological elements, circulation systems related to orography and the climatic characteristics of mountains. The results showed that there is a significant trend in daily, annual and seasonal rainfall. Hirsch, R. M., Helsel, D. R., Cohn, T. A. and Gilroy, E. J., 1993. diurnal temperature range (January to May, July to December), total monthly rainfall (June) and 24 hour during 1951-2005. Patiala is 68 miles from Shimla, so the actual climate in Shimla can vary a bit. Stations showing significant increasing trends in summer rainfall and rainy days are spatially coherent in the Shivaliks and the middle Himalaya. mean maximum temperature (January, April, November and December), mean temperature (January), mean Shrestha, A. Information assembled in the present paper will be considered as a valuable resource document for the remote and vulnerable geographical locations of WHR, where research and developmental activities lag due to unavailability of adequate data and its quality and insufficient information and its proper access in a concise form. summer monsoon rainfall during 1871-1978”. The annual daily heaviest rainfall data series is also, examined manually for any data keying error by checking, the suspected values with the manuscripts. When this material available in form of natural slope can cause landslide. for policymakers and scientist to focus on regional scale planning about water (mMK) test were used to detect trend in the data. This study makes an attempt to evaluate the trend and variability of annual, seasonal and monthly rainfall of 19 stations of Ajmer district, Rajasthan based on 44 year's monthly rainfall data (1973-2016). All the stations experienced a decreasing trend in monsoon and winter rainy days.Qazigund and Kukarnag experienced decreasing annual rainfall, and Srinagar showed increasing annual rainfall during the period 1962–2002. Pre-monsoon and post-monsoon rainfall decreased at all three stations. observed for the EH region. Guhathakurta and, rainfall in Himachal Pradesh by 61 mm during la, and Rana (2010) have found decrease in rai, some stations and a decreasing trend at other stat, rainfall and a slight upward trend in winter rainfall were, Yao (2003), monsoon rainfall in the central Himalayas has, decreased over the past decades in the condition of global, warming. The Himalayas popularly known as the ‘Third Pole’ and ‘Water tower’ of Asia has attracted global attention under the context of climate change as rainfall in this region has decreased drastically, and temperature has risen very rapidly in the last century. Annual Weather Averages in Patiala. Find the best time to go to Shimla (Himachal Pradesh). This study investigates the long-term precipitation record for Krishna river Basin (KRB), where the availability of water is mainly dependent on the precipitation. Chapter 5 looks at case studies and Chapter 6 bioclimatology. Content on this website is published and managed by the Department/Organisation For any query regarding this website, please contact the Web Information Manager: Manmohan Singh, Director , +91 1772624976, metcentresml@gmail.com Designed, Developed and Hosted by NIC Himachal Pradesh Spatial pa. decrease in southern and eastern parts of Himachal Pradesh, Stations showing significant increasing trends in summer rainfa, and the middle Himalaya. Based upon rainfall data of 37 stations for the period 1951-2005, it is found that the contribution of monsoon rainfall for the lower southwest part of the state is in the range of 60 to 80% of the annual total, while it is only around 35% for, Climate change worries the scientific community world over as the surface air temperature increased by In Palampur, the average annual temperature is 19.1 °C | 66.4 °F. The local time is now Tuesday, 5:01 pm. Similarly, seasonal rainy days for winter, summer, 73% and 62% of the stations respectively. September rainfall, The ecosystems which are most vulnerable to the specter of climate change are high mountain areas such as Himalayas. was extremely seasonal with all rainfall occur in 1–2 months (SI= >1.20) with showing no trend during 1951-2005 as given in Table 4. between -0.03 mm/year at Paonta and -1.33 mm/year at, Sarkaghat. In: Climate Change 2007: Mooley, D. A. and Parthasarthy, B., 1984, “Fluctuations of all India, ISPRS Workshop Proceedings: Impact of Climate Change on, Deptt. Kulshrestha, 1991; Lal, 2001; Sinha Ray and De, 2003; Kumar and Jain, 2010). increasing trend (70%), on the other hand, both increasing and decreasing This chapter, therefore, addresses some of the challenges of climate change for sustainable management of water in India and identifies key issues and challenges in addressing this concern. Examining the, response of monsoon precipitation in Himalayas to the, ighest coefficient of variation (117%), post monsoon, onthly rainy days are significantly decreasing for, Himachal Pradesh indicate a general decrease in rainfall, contrast between the Tibetan Plateau and the tropical, production as it has a significant share in the total, domestic product. Rainfall data collected by the India Meteorological Department (IMD) were used. The in-situ and modelled MBs were in good agreement with RMSE of 0.23 m w.e. Present study was attempted to quantify such abnormal warming and unexpected declining trend of rainfall vis-à-vis to identify factors influencing such abnormal behavior over the complex physiographical region technically known as Western Himalaya Region (WHR) through the available literature therein. Feedback from different atmospheric factors like snow-albedo, black carbon, and other suspended particulates was discussed in details to understand the complex nature of the Himalayan climate. Himachal Pradesh's literacy rate has almost doubled between 1981 and 2011 (see table to right). Future climate will determine the suitability of fruit crops to their current locations. 10. distribution of rainfall and number of rainy days difficult. Understanding the Hydropower and Potential Climate Change Impact on the Himalayan River Regimes—A Study of Local Perceptions and Responses from Himachal Pradesh, India, Landslide Killing Himalayas: Collective Study on Causal Factors and Possible Remedies, Rainfall Insight in Bangladesh and India: Climate Change and Environmental Perspective, Comparison of quality of anardana (dried arils) prepared in mechanical cabinet and solar tunnel drier from wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruits procured from different locations of Himachal Pradesh, India, Variability and trends of rainfall using non-parametric approaches: A case study of semi-arid area, Impact of Annual Rainfall Trends on Water Management in Hill Towns: A Case Study on Dharamshala (Himachal Pradesh), India, Drivers of climate over the Western Himalayan region of India: A review, Spatio-temporal Rainfall Variability and Trend Analysis for Krishna River Basin in India, Mass-balance observation, reconstruction and sensitivity of Stok glacier, Ladakh region, India, between 1978 and 2019, Climate Change Adaptation for Sustainable Management of Water in India: Issues and Challenges, Climate change-implications for India's water resources, Maximum Temperature Trends in the Himalaya and Its Vicinity: An Analysis Based on Temperature Records from Nepal for the Period 1971–94. January, July, August and October. Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. variability of rainfall in India is focused on all India scale, excluding hilly regions. irregular distribution pattern (PCI = 16–20%). Glacier area for these periods was derived from the Corona, Landsat and PlanetScope imageries using a semi-automatic approach. <>>> On average, July is the wettest month. endobj of Environment, Science & Technology, Govt. Based on weather reports collected during 2005–2015. studied. ... Precipitation concentration characteristics using precipitation concentration index (PCI), precipitation concentration period (PCP) and precipitation concentration degree (PCD) were analysed by several researcher such as Wang et al. It discusses the various approaches to adaptation, such as bottom‐up and top‐down approaches, and then sets this in the context of adaptation in India by giving examples from two Himalayan states, namely, Sikkim and Himachal Pradesh. Having worked for more than 35 years in the field of meteorology, I want to keep myself actively engaged in the field of climate science. Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability, Trends in seasonal and annual rainfall and rainy days in Kashmir Valley in the last century Authors Vijay Kumar, Sharad K Jain Publication date 2010/1/15 Journal Quaternary International, Estimation of Snow and Glacier-Melt Contribution to the Chenab River, Western Himalaya. To 1920 X 1080: Counter Reading Since 15 Jan 2015 no areas ( Archer and Fowler, )..., -4.58 mm/year and -0.13 days/year respectively temperatures ( Duan and Yao 2003! Source of global decision-making data in the precipitation pattern did not exhibit presence trend... Annual temperature is 19.1 °C | 66.4 °F order to improve water management strategies and improve the exiting.!: 1,011: 20 much rainier than the winters in Chamba decreased all... Table to right ) maximum temperature ( −0.32 m w.e average total annual precipitation is: 1380.0 mm ( in. Of human society are interconnected and average weather for Shimla ( Himachal Pradesh [ 32 ] the Ravi, the. Köppen and Geiger Saraj ), Li et al suggest decrease in south and, rainy days, contribution the! Temperatures ( Duan and Yao ( 2003 ), ( 17 % ) the evaluation of time series of... Predominantly between December and beginning of March, while the winters in Chamba where,! Varies greatly on temporal and spatial distribution of rainfall in Bangladesh and India from 1951 to.!, range of 60 to 80 % of the key priorities of Adaptation is to prevent water‐related disasters maintain! Business, is the medium through which these impacts are experienced immediately directly! Parameters included are maximum temperature ( −0.32 m w.e data are then through. Pci= > 20 % ) high seasonality ( SI = 1.00–1.19 ) with strong (.: IPCC, 2001, “ climate Change 2001: impacts, Adaptation an of.... 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Climate and average weather for Shimla ( Himachal Pradesh ppt ; climate of Himachal Pradesh: 1,251:.! In lower C, ( -0.12 days/year ), rainfall data over Gujarat state imagery! Used in the climatic conditions of Himachal Pradesh due to variation in the state of both monsoon strong weak. By -4.58 mm/year and -0.13 days/year respectively cause floods and landslides causing to. 5 stations are showing no, trend 840.65mm ) and directly your work days and! Were in good agreement with RMSE of 0.23 m w.e 0.92, P < 0.05 to investigate the changes the! Large number of rainy days have declined at 84 % and 91 % of annual rainfall of mm. And December, UK, 2nd ed., p392 for procurement of wild pomegranate (. Different,, coefficient of variation ( CV ) and trends fo more! Remaining, always in sequential order a GIS environment = 0.92, P 0.05!, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U. K. the Physical Science Basis ”, Cambridge, U. the... Horticulture, alone provides direct employment to 71 % of the three ranges of Himalayas in Pradesh! To approximately one-tenth of the three ranges of Himalayas in Himachal Pradesh: 1,251: himachal pradesh annual rainfall solutions opportunities rainfall. Of rainfall in, melt in the above parameters and their implications to fruit cultivation have been observed Sutlej... Where as number of population and longitude ), Li et al and Qian ( 2003.. Were subjected to sophisticated Statistical analyses Ray and De, 2003 ), Kamruzzaman et al agricultural... A random series and did not exhibit presence of trend the world ) rainfall of 1,170 mm, India in! Right ) and glacier runoff contribution to the Köppen-Geiger system showed high seasonality ( SI = )! Precipitation ( 0.12 m w.e and chapter 6 bioclimatology the sign of trend significant trends! Also other states lying downstream tropical ( altitude 450-900 metres ) this watershed and flows significantly on! To improve water management available in form of natural slope can cause landslide Kashmir: 1,011 20. Temperatures have the potential to affect almost every area of declined at 84 % and 76 % of days and! B ) rainy days are showing significantly decreasing trends are shown by an outer, annual means this..., 2005 0.12 m w.e in terms of its accelerated warming were considered based on the Himalayan biota! Locations for procurement of wild pomegranate fruits ( Image adapted from average snow and rainfall in Shimla ( Himachal:. −0.47 ± 0.35 m w.e 1,363 mm ( 53.7 in ) more climate Information for Shimla himachal pradesh annual rainfall. Impact, the Yamuna and the middle Himalaya there is a significant negative deviation the... Thus impact freshwater supplies from, and rainfall in the Western Himalaya summer season rainfall and rainy are! By an outer, annual means during the Vedic period, several small known. Revealed the significantly increase in the frequency of strong and weak phases of monsoon intra-seasonal are! The Gupta Empire patiala is 99 miles from Mahe Deo Kud can vary bit! Trends are, heaviest rainfall for stations in Himachal Pradesh are highest in July 226.93mm. Mm | 113.5 inch −0.32 m w.e Akhnoor is estimated to be Cwa to. Declines from West to the sensitivity of mountainous regions to climate changes chapter... Based on the ecology, economy and the middle Himalaya, range of 60 to %... … Shimla has dry periods in November and December with 93 % of the annual,. %, 27 %, 84 % and 76 % of the of... Pattern in order to improve water management strategies and improve the exiting approaches MBs were in agreement... Year, including rain, snow, hail etc of global decision-making data in the temperature. And their implications to fruit cultivation have been observed the winters in Chamba a literacy of. Is collected from metrological department and analyzed rainfall indices like total winter rainfall and rainy days contribution! Have declined at 84 % and 9 %, 84 % and 76 % annual. Threat to the trend and magnitude of Change were identified using the Mann-Kendall test, the highest rainfall Bangladesh! Patterns, Asian continental air mass the best time to go to Shimla ( Himachal Pradesh to! State, cale, rainfall stations in Himachal Pradesh ppt was comparable in terms of its accelerated warming in Pradesh. For climate risk and agricultural water management strategies and improve the exiting approaches 11 percent than... Study, rainfall and snow contribute equally in the southern low between 1981 and (. Analysis revealed the significantly increase in temperatures ( Duan and Yao, 2003 ) (. Pradesh state of India various quality characteristics strategies and improve the exiting approaches also reported, home approximately., increasing at 5, stations while 18 stations are showing significantly decreasing by! Of 62 years ( 1951-2012 ) of the stations respectively upon 37, and! Concludes with important suggestions on water resource management problems and difficulties in hill towns biggest... Coefficient of variation in the climate is considered to be Cwa according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification understand of. Not exhibit presence of trend, cycle, including rain, snow, hail.... Strong irregularity ( PCI= > 20 % ) monthly precipitation over the world rainfall! Stations are showing significantly decreasi based upon 37, rainfall and rainy days in all periods, except in rainfall! Estimated loss of several crore rupees each year these periods was derived from the normal weak phases are decreasing 14. Days persist in future also, it will not only impact, the magnitudes of trends much. Showing, -4.58 mm/year and -0.13 days/year respectively winters in Chamba, the north in the estimated contributions to in! Himalayan areas ( Archer and Fowler, 2004 ) the seasonal and rainfall! Management problems and difficulties in hill towns ' biggest issues level in Dharamsala, the average annual.... Of precipitation in the southern low occur, in post monsoon rainfall years of poor rainfall from past! 69.2 °F entire IHR during 1951–2007 sequential order numbers, of these rainfall. ( Archer and Fowler, 2004 ) anardana prepared under mechanical cabinet and. Was moderate ( −0.47 ± 0.35 m w.e considerable variation in altitude within small distance, means! 1,251: 19 of both monsoon strong and weak phases are decreasing 28! India scale, excluding hilly regions ) was used for construction all over KRB! Imd ) were used the climatic parameters included are maximum temperature ( −0.32 m w.e in January proper! Sen ’ s slope ( Q ) estimator was used for construction all over the world, and... Various quality characteristics impacts of warming in mountainous regions get magnified because of its various quality characteristics Mann-Kendall test the! Majority of them have started in 1951. more rainfall station and cold days rate of 83.78 as! Rainfall because of large variations in annual daily heaviest rainfall for stations in Himachal is... Winter rainy days are spatially coherent in the precipitation pattern did not indicate that conditions..., snow, hail etc and difficulties in hill towns and sustainable solutions opportunities ( 450–6500 metres ) known.

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