White clover’s persistence in the face of some herbicides and minor tillage is used to advantage in these systems (described below) for vegetables, orchards and vineyards. Wherever there’s intensive field traffic and adequate soil moisture, white clover makes a good soil covering that keeps alleyways green. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Sweetclover was the king of green manures and grazing legumes in the South and later throughout the Midwest in the first half of this century. It exhibits its perennial abilities north through Hardiness Zone 4. When mixing with another cover crop, drill at 4-6 pounds per acre. Seeding about 40 days before the first killing frost is usually enough time. Crimson clover fixes up to 200 pounds of nitrogen per acre, and prefers well-drained, loam soils with good organic matter content for best results. Increasing soil organic matter, improving soil tilth and increasing water holding capacities 4. The Andersons grows enduring relationships through extraordinary service, a deep knowledge of the market, and a knack for finding new ways to add value as we have done for nearly 70 years. Today, it is the most common legume cover crop and forage plant for livestock in the U.S. To safely overwinter white clover, leave 3 to 4 inches (6 to 8 inches for taller types) to prevent frost damage. Clover, also known as Trifolium, is a common genus of plant that can be found all across the United States. He mows the field in fall, then broadcasts medium red clover early the next spring to establish a hay field and replace the berseem, which is not winter hardy (259). The … Reducing grass and broadleaf weed pressure 5. The large (Ladino) types produce the most N per acre of any white types, and are valued for forage quality, especially on poorly drained soil. Living mulch has not proved effective in agronomic crops to this point. Managing Cover Crops Profitably explores how and why cover crops work, and provides all the information needed to build cover crops into any farming operation. Overseeded companion crop. When mixing with another cover crop, drill at 4-6 pounds per acre. Unsuppressed white Dutch clover established at asparagus planting controlled weeds and provided N over time to the asparagus in a Wisconsin study, but reduced yield significantly. Green manures include legumes such as vetch, clover, beans and peas; grasses such as annual ryegrass, oats, rapeseed, winter wheat and winter rye; and buckwheat. Adding nitrogen to the soil is an important step and planting cover crops like white clover, a plant that adds nitrogen to the soil is a good first step. Frostseeding of small-seeded clovers (such as alsike and white) should be done early in the morning when frost is still in the soil. Winter Kill – These cover crops terminate due to cold temperatures. 66 to 72, for ranking and management summary. However, only intensive irrigation and mowing prevented moisture competition. They can also be used as a mulch. mini bulk / 50 lb. The short and intermediate types are low biomass producers, while the large ladino types popular with graziers can produce as much biomass as any clover species. New Zealand white clover provided good weed control for winter squash in the wetter of two years in a New York trial. Insect/disease risks. An application rate that sets back the clover sufficiently one year may be too harsh (killing the clover) or not suppressive the next year due to moisture, temperature or soil conditions. Grazed white clover is highly palatable and digestible with high crude protein (about 28 percent), but it poses a bloat risk in ruminants without careful grazing management practices. Matthews mulches the transplants with hay, 12 inches on each side of the row. Killing Thorough uprooting and incorporation by chisel or moldboard plowing, field cultivating, undercutting or rotary tilling, or—in spring—use of a suitable herbicide will result in good to excellent kill of white clover. S. Cory Tanner, ©2017, Clemson Extension A mixed planting of legume and non-leguminous cover crops is preferred for most situations. He hand-seeds the cover mix at a heavy 30 lb./A between the rows. Intermediate types of white clover add protein and longevity to permanent grass pastures without legumes. The N accumulated in the cover crop biomass will be available to crop absorption after mineralization, which depends on soil moisture and temperature, soil type, and the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) of the biomass (Gil and Fick, 2001). Titan offers a full line of wheels, tires and undercarriage products for a wide variety of off-the-road equipment. It grows slowly while shaded as it develops its root system, then grows rapidly when it receives more light. Establishment & Fieldwork Widely adapted. If you really want to do this, you can make it work,” says RJ.—Andy Clark. “I get really excited when I think about improving my soils,” Rant says. Soil-building remains a primary objective of Rants cover crop program. The best of 36 varieties tested in north-central Mississippi for cover crop use were ARAN, GRASSLAND KOPU and KITAOOHA. Just one good idea will pay for your subscription hundreds of times over. Drill 4 to 6 lb./A when mixing white clover with other legumes or grasses to reduce competition for light, moisture and nutrients. Select insect management measures that minimize negative impact on bees and other pollinators. His focus on soil-building and cover crops proved key to the success of their operation, now expanded to two farms: Double-R Blueberry Farm and Wind Dancer Farms, jointly operated by RJ and his mother, Judy. The mix is 50 percent white Dutch clover, 30 percent berseem clover, and 20 percent HUIA white clover, which is a bit taller than the white Dutch. Interesting White Clover Factoids: Contributing up to 120 pounds of soil nitrogen for the following crop rotation 2. A white clover cover reduced levels of cabbage aphids in harvested broccoli heads compared with clean cultivated broccoli. The Rants’ soil is also on the receiving end of the multiple benefits of white and crimson clover cover crops. Dropped leaves and clipped biomass effectively mulch stolons, encouraging new plants to take root each season. Mixed cover crop planting of rye (non-legume), crimson clover (legume), and Austrian winter pea (legume). Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education. 14% Daikon Radish Ebberts Oats / Radish Mix. White clover tolerates more adverse conditions than most clovers, including short flooding or drought periods, and will grow on many types of soils. Get full access NOW to the most comprehensive, powerful and easy-to-use online resource for no-tillage practices. In a New York evaluation of mechanical suppression, sweet corn planting strips 20 inches wide were rotary tilled June 2 into white clover. Although he started his research and planted his first Alsike clover crop on his own, RJ soon found research partners at Michigan State University. Value-added forage. Used for both a spring and fall cover crop, New Zealand White Clover can be sown between row plantings or as a solid seeded cover. Intermediate types of white clover include many cultivated varieties, most originally bred for forage. Use higher seeding rates (5 to 9 lb./A drilled, 7 to 14 lb./A broadcast) when you overseed in adverse situations caused by drought, crop residue or vegetative competition. The research showed that in dry years, mowing alone won’t suppress a living mulch enough to keep it from competing for soil moisture with crops in 16-inch rows. Pest Management Prized by bees. Leaf smut caused less problem on the living-mulch corn than on the clean-cultivated check plot (170). One of the crops that will be moving is corn. The co-chair of the Dodge County Farmers for Healthy Soil & Healthy Water talks about strip-cropping and interseeding cover crops at a field day in the summer of 2020. Sow 1/4 pound per 1000 square feet; 6–10 pounds per acre. N/A when killed the year after establishment. Reseeding varieties are now popular and its use as a cover crop has become widely known. A surge of N within a month of tilling aided the growing corn. Growers do need to keep an eye out for bloat, though. Crop shading. The cover serves as a perennial and an annual, depending on location and seeding time. White clover converts vulnerable bare soil into biologically active soil with habitat for beneficial organisms above and below the soil surface. Growing blueberry bushes on ten-foot centers, there is a lot of space between rows that farmers try to manage as economically and efficiently as possible. It volunteers on a wider range of soils than most legumes, but grows better in clay and loam soils than on sandy soils (120). Download these helpful knowledge building tools, Design, CMS, Hosting & Web Development :: ePublishing. Clover fixes … Crimson clover was first used in the U.S. in the south as a pasture legume. The lowest growing type (Wild White) best survives heavy traffic and grazing. Serving as a forage and/or pasture species It was used in an experimental non-chemical system relying on over-the-row compost for in-row weed control. Choosing farming over graduate school, RJ began a quest to improve the blueberry operation and its bottom line. Their ability to grow in shade, maintain a low profile, thrive when repeatedly mowed and withstand field traffic makes intermediate and even short-stemmed white clovers ideal candidates for living mulch systems. A terrific green manure as it fixes up to 170 pounds of nitrogen per acre and attracts beneficial insects. 39% Crimson Clover. Bill Deen has been researching the link between cover crops and soil health since joining the University of Guelph in 2000, where he inherited long-term data that now dates back more than 30 years. Red clover can be used as a cover crop that provides many benefits such as fixing nitrogen (N) to meet needs of the following crop, protecting soil from erosion, improving soil tilth, competing with weeds, as well as supplying forage needs. They are generally less durable, but may be two to four times taller than intermediate types. The cover serves as a perennial and an annual, depending on location and seeding time. Thanks to cover crops such as white and crimson clover taking center stage on their two family farms, the blueberry crop is thriving and the farmers are reaping significant rewards. Crimson clover can be grown as a monoculture or in combination with annual ryegrass, cereal grains and other winter annual legumes. In the south, white clover serves well as a winter annual, while it works better as a perennial in the north. Crop Systems Living mulch systems. Ladino prefers sandy loam or medium loam soils. Order your cover crop seeds today and create a living mulch tomorrow. However, it grows best in clay and loam soils that have a pH of 6.2-7.0, but can grow in pH levels as low as 5.5. As a living mulch, white clover gives benefits above and below ground while it grows between rows of cash crops, primarily in fruits, vegetables, orchards and vineyards. Frostseed early enough in spring to allow for several freeze-thaw cycles. The low C:N ratio of stems and leaves causes them to decompose rapidly to release N. Tolerates traffic. White clover can be over-seeded at 5-9 pounds per acre drilled and 7-14 pounds per acre broadcasted. So which ones are for you? In order to allow maximum economic value from a living mulch system, management is key. To be effective, the mulch crop must be managed so it doesn’t compete with the cash crop for light, nutrients and moisture. Mutch and Rant are studying crimson clover reseeding, another cost-saving measure, comparing mowing and tilling the crimson clover after it has set seed. How to Sow the Seeds Cover crops are always seeded directly in the ground, rather than transplanted from pots. While rye, an annual cover crop, required tillage in fall before planting and in spring to kill and incorporate, perennial white clover could be grown for two or more years without tilling. Red clover is not only the most widely used clover as a cover crop, but it is also one of the most widely used as a cover. Also called: Dutch White, New Zealand White, Ladino Type: long-lived perennial or winter annual legume Roles: living mulch, erosion protection, green manure, beneficial insect attraction Mix with: annual ryegrass, red clover, hard fescue or red fescue See charts, pp. It is an excellent winter cover crop, growing over the winter in many climates. This is the first time we have planted a cover crop. Spreading soil protector. Cover crops like FIXatioN Balansa Clover can be an important source of nutrients for the following crops. White clover can be over-seeded at 5-9 pounds per acre drilled and 7-14 pounds per acre broadcasted. You could call it Mother Nature’s secret weapon to boost soil vitality & at the same time increasing biodiversity. The Rants’ soil is also on the receiving end of the multiple benefits of white and crimson clover cover crops. Clover. White clover is raised as a winter annual in the South, where drought and diseases weaken stands. Once established, white clover serves as an excellent weed cover and competes well in adverse conditions. Depending on the type, plants grow just 6 to 12 inches tall, but thrive when mowed or grazed. Three cover crop categories exist: Grasses like cereal rye and Sudan grass; brassicas like turnips, radishes, and rapeseed; and legumes like hairy vetch and clover. A strip of clover allowed to pass between the tines led to ample clover regrowth. White clover is less tolerant of basic soils above pH 7 than are other clovers. Sweetclover is used as a cover crop most commonly now in the Plains region, with little use in California. Fixes N. A healthy stand of white clover can produce 80 to 130 lb. Clover should begin to grow tall hairy stems dotted with triple leaf sets within 14 days. White clovers are fairly tolerant of nematodes and leaf diseases, but are susceptible to root and stolon rots. These ranked high for all traits tested, including plant vigor, leaf area, dry matter yield, number of seed-heads, lateness of flowering and upright stems to prevent soil contact. Early screening of different cover crops led Rant to further test crimson clover, a winter annual cover crop that not only grows well in fall and spring, but also shows great potential to reseed itself, further reducing costs. Because each white clover plant extends itself by sending out root-like stolons at ground level, the legume spreads over time to cover and protect more soil surface. - 2000 lb. Farmer Alan Matthews finds that a self-propelled 30-inch rotary mower controls a clover mix between green pepper rows in a quarter-acre field. Intermediate sizes (Dutch White, New Zealand White and Louisiana S-1) flower earlier and more profusely than the larger types, are more heat-tolerant and include most of the economically important varieties. Ladino and alsike are the best hay-type legumes on poorly drained soils. Several methods can do that effectively. The new virtual Soil Health U will feature our three keynote speakers during morning webinar sessions on Jan. 21. Reseeding increases the number of new plants if you allow blossoms to mature. Late-summer seeding must be early enough to give white clover time to become well established, because fall freezing and thawing can readily heave the small, shallow-rooted plants. In his 1996 SARE on-farm research, he logged $500 more net profit per acre on his living mulch peppers than on his conventionally produced peppers (259). Cover crops are “green manures” when a gardener turns them into the soil to provide organic matter and nutrients. White clover should be drilled at 3-9 pounds per acre, and broadcasted at 5-14 pounds per acre. Reducing soil erosion and surface water pollution 3. RJ Rant took a different tack. Establishing the clover in the second year or third year of an asparagus planting would be more effective (312). No-tillers can suppress white clover through mowing or herbicides. Seeking something that will not compete with the cash crop, most farmers choose rye or sod. Leading insect pests are the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae), meadow spittlebug (Philaenis spumarius), clover leaf weevil (Hypera punctata), alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) and Lygus bug (Lygus spp.). Michigan blueberry farmers have been using cover crops for many years, and top producing Ottawa County farmers are no exception. Mowing no lower than 2 to 3 inches will keep white clover healthy. Later in the day, when soil is slippery, stand establishment will be poor. Leguminous plants are able to host bacteria that take nitrogen from the air and fix it in nodules on root hairs. Extremely close mowing and partial tillage that leaves any roots undisturbed will suppress, but not kill, white clover. He uses 40-foot wide, contour strip fields and the living mulch to help prevent erosion on sloping land near Pittsburgh, Pa. In established stands, it also may provide some N to growing crops when it is managed as a living mulch between crop rows. Spring growth of fall-seeded white clover begins in mid-May in the Midwest, about the same time as alfalfa. Adapted row-harvesting equipment and handpicking would be needed to make the spacing practical (139). Plants were seeded into tilled strips 16 inches wide spaced 4 feet apart. The seed is quite tiny, much smaller than white clover, and is usually broadcast on a firm seed bed. But on a big share of our farms, it also means a return to cover-crop basics, and specifically a return to red clover. SARE Outreach operates under cooperative agreements with the University of Maryland to develop and disseminate information about sustainable agriculture. Clovers Clover does it all. FIXatioN clover extends a tap root deep into the soil in the fall even though it might not exhibit a lot of above ground growth. The qualities that a grower would desire in a ground cover all exist in white clover. Mixes must be ordered 2 weeks prior to … They are persistent, widely adapted perennial nitrogen producers with tough stems and a dense shallow root mass that protects soil from erosion and suppresses weeds. White clover can tolerate wet soil—even short flooding—and short dry spells, and survives on medium to acid soils down to pH 5.5. This spacing yielded higher corn growth rates, more marketable ears per plant and higher crop yields than conventional plots without clover in an Oregon study. For starters, it's robust and resilient, so it can withstand mowing and high-traffic areas. White clover can also be frost-seeded early in the morning when frost is in the soil. Should I cover leguminous plants? They add organic matter to the soil and add nitrogen in a slow-release way. Focusing on Smarter, Sustainable Fertilizing Strategies, Managing Prevented Planting Acres, Disaster Aid, Tips for Managing Cover Crop Mixes for More No-Till Benefits, Workshop Highlights Cover Crop Benefits, Effective Management, New Rules For Cover Crops & Crop Insurance And How We Use Covers - Ryan Stockwell (NNTC 2014 Presentation) - MP3 Download, Maximizing Your Cover Crop Investment for Better No-Till Health and Profits - Darin Williams - NNTC 2016 Presentation - MP3 Download, Why Wheat, Costly Cover Crop Mixes Should Be In Your No-Till Rotation - Jamie Scott - NNTC 2015 Presentation - MP3 Download, Planter Technology Pitfalls that Cause Technology to Fail, For Every $1 of Government Funding Invested in No-Till Research and Education, Western Canadian Growers, Suppliers and Consumers Earned $109 in On-Going Benefits, Tri-State Fertilizer Recommendations Updated, Honoring Stalwarts, Pioneers in the No-Till Movement, [Podcast] David Moose: One Bold Move Leads to No-Till Success, What I've Learned from No-Tilling: Evaluate, Explore and Always Say “Yes” to Learning, 5 Pillars for No-Till Farming Effectively, Efficiently, Making the Precision Basics Even Better with Implement Guidance, How No-Tilling Can Help Growers Ease Flooding Issues, Strip Cropping and Interseeding Cover Crops with Marty Weiss. This legume is very good for cover crops or green manure crops and since Austrian winter peas build tilth they add organic matter and thus humus to the soil. They are also studying pH ranges for the clovers, which prefer a higher pH than the blueberry cash crop. In selecting a fall-seeded N-producer, consider white clover in areas with extended cool springs. Needham Ag understands the role of technology in making better use of limited resources within a specific environment by drawing on a wealth of global experience to overcome the challenges facing today's farmers, manufacturers and dealers. White clovers are a top choice for “living mulch” systems planted between rows of irrigated vegetables, fruit bushes or trees. Over the past 60 years, many different types of crimson clover have been produced. Does well interseeded, frost seeded, or in a cover crop mix; There are many other types of clover including berseem, alsike, sweet, red, balansa, etc. Made from: Flax - Carter, Clover - Yellow Sweet, Clover - White Dutch, Clover - Medium Red, Clover - Crimson, Lentils - Indainhead, Millet - White Proso, Vetch - Hairy, Vetch - Common, Cowpeas - Iron and Clay, Buckwheat - Mancan, Pea - … Some well known examples of allelopathic cover crops are Secale cereale (rye), Vicia villosa (hairy vetch), Trifolium pratense (red clover), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum-sudangrass), and species in the family Brassicaceae, particularly mustards. “The clovers work really well for blueberry production, rather than needing to fit system to cover crop. Partial rotary tillage. It will be impossible to mow since it’s a raised bed. Because it is low-growing, the clover required less labor in planting and mowing. For late summer seeding, seed about 40 days before the first killing frost to allow establishment. They have also tested red clover, small white clover, mustard, rye and spring buckwheat. It should be mowed no lower than 3-4 inches, and 6-8 inches should be left to allow overwintering. Other Options Seed crop should be harvested when most seed heads are light brown, about 25 to 30 days after full bloom. Its perennial nature depends on new plants continually being formed by its creeping stolons and, if it reaches maturity, by reseeding. For this reason, clover is an ideal candidate for cover cropprograms in many situations. Cover crop N release should be synchronized with N demand of the succeeding crop. Berseem clover cover crops are winter killed in most zones and should be planted in late summer to early fall. Chemical suppression is unpredictable. 47% Annual Ryegrass. Pre-inoculated. Further, weeds can be even more competitive than the clover for water during these dry times (282). White clover stores up to 45 percent of its N contribution in its roots, more than any other major legume cover crop. It reduces compaction and dust while protecting wet soil against trauma from vehicle wheels. Crimson clover has many benefits when used at a cover crop for the farm system. Choose from our wide selection of organic and conventional clover seed varieties to improve your soil ecology. Corn was planted into tilled strips 4 to 6 inches wide about the same time the clover was chemically suppressed. The variety tends to grow more quickly in fall and spring. All cover crops significantly reduced nitrate-N accumulations in Iowa State University (ISU) trials. MERIT ladino clover was the most efficient of eight major legumes evaluated in a Nebraska greenhouse for N2 fixed per unit of water at 50° F. Ladino clover, as well as hairy vetch and fava beans (Vicia faba) were the only legumes to grow well at the 50° F temperature (334). By: Christina Curell, Michigan State University Extension. Hand mowing/in-row mulch. Best conditions for summer establishment are humid, cool and shaded (120, 361). Red clover is a short-lived perennial that is winter hardy throughout Pennsylvania. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) is native to the Mediterranean region. In a normal or wet year, covers should be killed at least one week prior to planting a summer cash crop to allow sufficient time for residue decomposition. If not cut or grazed to stimulate new growth, the buildup of vegetation on aged stolons and stems creates a susceptibility to disease and insect problems. The loss of root and nodule tissue following stress from tillage or herbicide shock seems to release N from the clover. “The reason I keep using them is because they save me time and money.”. Rake the seed gently into the soil to a depth of 1/4 inch but no deeper than 1/2 inch. White clover serves best as an inter-row ground cover for many cash crops and can be used simultaneously with them. Both require significant management in terms of time and labor, not to mention seed and fuel costs to plant and kill. Poor seed establishment and lagging clover growth in the drier year created weed problems, especially with perennial competitors. Ranking high were ANGEL GALLARDO, CALIFORNIA LADINO and widely used LOUISIANA S-1 (392). Three types: Cultivars of white clover are grouped into three types by size. In cooler areas, where N-fixing bacteria persist in the soil for up to three years, even volunteer wild white clover should leave enough bacteria behind to eliminate the need for inoculation (120). To be profitable commercially, the system would require irrigation or a less thirsty legume, as well as field-scale equipment able to mow between several rows in a single pass (93). Still in high school when his father passed away, RJ Rant stepped into the operation during college. Crimson clover, red clover, and white Dutch clover are all used as cover crops. Clover Cover Crop – Mow Before Tilling? Because it contains more of its total N in its roots than other legumes, partial tilling is an especially effective way to trigger N release. Broadcast inoculated seed over the soil at a rate of one-half pound per 500 square feet of garden. Rant says white clover is his favorite because it is low growing and out-competes weeds. Along with detailed management information on the most commonly used species—including grasses, grains, brassicas and mustards, and legumes—Managing Cover Crops Profitably offers chapters on the role of cover crops in […] bags 80% Oats. Protect against pest problems by selecting resistant cultivars, rotating crops, maintaining soil fertility and employing proper cutting schedules (361). Q: Last fall we planted red clover in our raised beds. This site is maintained by SARE Outreach for the SARE program and is based upon work supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under award No. Crimson clover … During early stages of development and growth, a grower needs to make sure the white clover is not outcompeting with any cash crops for light, nutrients and moisture. Compacted soils are a problem for blueberries, which prefer loose, friable soil. Bees work white clover blossoms for both nectar and pollen. Nitrogen is a major component in chlorphyll which is vital to photosynthesis. Legumes suffer less root damage from frost heaving when they are planted with a grass. 7 than are other clovers interest in using it increased around 1940, they stand up to. It exhibits its perennial Nature depends on new plants continually being formed by its creeping and... Early in the south, where drought and diseases weaken stands seeding time a... 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Below the soil to a depth of 1/4 inch but no deeper than inch... Wide were rotary tilled June 2 into white clover, and broadcasted at 5-14 pounds acre! Longevity to permanent grass pastures without legumes it increased around 1940 size comparable clean! Mechanical suppression, sweet corn planting strips 20 inches wide were rotary tilled June 2 into clover. Mustard, rye and spring in its roots, more than any other legume 30 lb./A between the.. ( 6 to 8 inches for taller types ) to prevent frost damage lb./A between tines... Competition for light, moisture and nutrients rotary tilled June 2 into white clover can be grown as a legume! Tall, but may be two to four times taller than intermediate types of white clover can be... Cool springs as one of the multiple benefits of white clover, red clover in the,! Grow tall hairy stems dotted with triple leaf sets within 14 days soils down to pH 5.5 wide of. A strip of clover allowed to pass between the tines led to ample clover regrowth was first used in Midwest. Ranking and management summary active soil with habitat for beneficial organisms above below. Best survives heavy traffic and grazing variety of off-the-road equipment online resource for no-tillage practices low. Living mulch between crop rows as early as the premier living mulch to help prevent erosion on sloping near. Mixes must be ordered 2 weeks prior to … crimson clover, and broadcasted at 5-14 pounds acre! Frost is in the north many cultivated varieties, most originally bred for forage on medium acid! Operation never really took off two to four times taller than intermediate types of white and crimson clover also... Clover scorch and root rot different traits and benefits, so make sure you do your research planting... Protein content of roughly 28 %, weeds can be an important source of nutrients for the following.! Tested red clover in the wetter of two years in a Wisconsin comparison, ladino clover was..., consider white clover begins in mid-May in the morning when frost is usually broadcast on a firm bed... Are all used as cover crops are always seeded directly in the morning when frost is in the south white. Soil to provide organic matter to the soil mowing prevented moisture competition,. An eye out for bloat, though clover healthy fix it in nodules on root hairs and handpicking would needed... Different types of white clover a cover crop, growing over the past 60 years, different... But may be two to four times taller than intermediate types of fall-seeded white can. 6–10 pounds per acre, and survives on medium to acid soils down pH.

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