Every few months, From an early age, they are watching older males. In the musth period a bull produces 40 to 60 times more of testosterone (male sex hormone) than in the non-musth time. In other words, they go through their aggressive Relations at If they are relatively safe, males only form large groups when food or mating opportunities are abundant. Chiyo and his colleagues have examined male-male relationships in the 1400-strong Amboseli population, where many individuals have been known since birth and are recognizable by their distinctive ears and tusks. There are no rivers in Etosha, so in dry years the elephants are dependent on permanent water holes for access to drinking water. College in Buffalo, NY. Subadult males may be on the beach as long as they are submissive and stay lying down. about male elephants. Although males leave their birth family at an average age of 14, Poole found that they don't leave family life altogether. periodically goes through this special state is If a 6-ton male elephant can have empathy and get down on his knees to play with the youngsters, perhaps it's time to give a little more credit to the nuanced relationships of these sometimes fierce but often friendly giants. Canisius She compares it to backslapping. The African elephant (Loxodonta) is a genus comprising two living elephant species, the African bush elephant (L. africana) and the smaller African forest elephant (L. cyclotis).Both are herbivores and live in groups. In male African elephants, the drive to reproduce has a strong effect on their social relationships. ... young male elephants brought into Pilanesberg from the Kruger National Park in the early 1980s—after the rest of their herd was culled as part of an more years—wandering the forests and fields alone. 1. African elephant males are the biggest of the bunch, weighing in at up to 6 tonnes, while smaller Asian elephants can still tip the scales at 5 tonnes. Matriarchs and coalitions of females were seen chasing young males, and people thought the males were being shunned by their own families. (GA images) After a period of approximately a month the alpha males are spaced across the beach (now called a rookery) according to their ability to maintain their territory. Read about our approach to external linking. Female Asian elephants usually lack tusks, but they do have long teeth called tushes located right behind their upper lips. Both male and female African elephants grow tusks, but only male Asian elephants grow them. Why do elephants have ivory tusks? "They like to hang around with other males in the family, to roughhouse, and then as they get older, they're sparring [play fighting] together," says Poole. So from an early age, they are watching older males.". The males jockey for position, moving around each other, culminating in one big clash where they try to tip each other over so that they can stab with their tusks. In other words, only some elephants migrate, and if they are migratory, they may not migrate every year.” The current study, which is one of the largest studies on elephant movement to date, comprised of movement data collected over 15 years from 139 savanna elephants distributed across seven southern African countries. 5) Until recently, African Forest elephants were thought to be a subspecies of the African elephant, but new research discovered that they are actually a separate … The small, nomadic herd of Mali elephants migrates in a circular route … For money obtained from (usually illegally) selling ivory. They have to be in the right place at the right time to mate, and that may take precedence over more mundane needs like finding food and avoiding predators. They get together with their buddies and do the elephant equivalent of arm-wrestling. Although females do not go into estrus at the same time, more of them tend … How do southern elephant seals hunt? This appears to be the case with crop raiding, which males do more often than females, probably because of their elephantine appetites. Much of her work was focused on the matriarchal societies, but she also wanted to get a handle on what the males were doing. Elephant tusks evolved from teeth, giving the species an evolutionary advantage. … They have swollen temporal glands: swellings bigger than a grapefruit that stick out behind their eyes. sprays onto his own legs as he travels. Males reach maturity at 5 years, but generally do not achieve alpha status until the age of 8, with the prime breeding years being between ages 9 and 12. For young males, it is a short-lived experience lasting a few days or weeks, whereas in older males, musth can last for months. There was a mistaken belief that young males get kicked out of their families. So Asian elephants do not need wrinkled skin to trap moisture or large ears to fan their bodies. It causes them to Hulk out. So when poachers target the largest and oldest males, says O'Connell-Rodwell, it doesn't just shrink the population, but means the loss of an old tusker's influence on the next generation. In some They weren’t acting like elephants, as they didn’t know what an elephant was supposed to do with all his energy and muscle. Elephant families have a matriarchal head, meaning that an older, experienced lady elephant leads the herd. Male southern elephant … individuals go in and out of a period known as As Poole tells it, "this little male is staring at him, and reaching up and sniffing him, and finally… [the baby] reaches and touches the puddle of urine. Over the years researchers have filled in those gaps, and it turns out we have misjudged male African elephants. They knew that male Asian elephants regularly entered a state called "musth", in which their urge to mate goes into overdrive and they become very aggressive, rather like rutting deer. During musth, males are flooded with up to ten times as much testosterone as usual. As they play, they begin to understand their own strength, build self-knowledge and learn the tactics they will need to use as older males. Females have … He rise sharply and the male secretes a thick oil Male elephants spend their formative years with the herd, but leave around age 13 to 14 -- when puberty sets in. They found that males were more likely to spend time with relatives, but selectively play-fought with any males close to their own age. understand very well about male elephants. Just as female Mature male elephants are larger and have longer tusks – a kind of large tooth that sticks out of the mouth. Once they leave their family herd at This all seems to paint a picture of male elephants as friendless creatures that squabble whenever they meet. Equipped with its unique trunk which is an all-in-one multi purpose tool used for grabbing, smelling, drinking, and broadcasting. David Hu's "Law of Urination" says nearly all mammals empty their bladders in the same amount of … But in the wet years, there was more aggression, and the hierarchy was nonlinear. When this happens, testosterone levels rise sharply and the male secretes a thick oil from the temporal glands on the sides of his head. Chiyo has also found that the size of groups varies depending on the situation. "Up until the age of about 25 they are spending 80% of their time with family groups.". But they can also have friendships, and be both leaders and patient teachers. "Six tons of elephant coming at each other like that is totally terrifying," says Moss. Asian elephants grow six sets of teeth throughout their lives. From a young age, male elephants gravitate towards other males. time on the move looking for females. For food. Testosterone levels in an elephant in musth can be on average 60 times greater than in the same elephant at other times (in specific individuals these testosterone levels can even reach as much as 140 times the normal). They are also distributed over Nepal, India, Indochina, Borneo and Thailand. sisters and daughters, the very opposite is true of So she brought in Joyce Poole to study the males. Every few months, individuals go in and out of a period known as musth. Male elephants then dip the finger-like projection at the tip of their trunks into the urine puddles and become aroused by the odor. Diet: Squid, fish, sharks, rays, ratfish, molluscs, crustaceans, krill, algae. also develops a strong-smelling urine that he View image of The soulful gaze of a male African elephant (Credit: Nature Picture Library / Alamy), View image of "You wouldn't like me when I'm angry" (Credit: Chris Wildblood / Alamy), View image of A male in musth, dribbling urine down his legs (Credit: Friedrich von Hörsten / Alamy), View image of Bull elephants fighting in Etosha National Park, Namibia (Credit: imageBROKER / Alamy), View image of Family time (Credit: Robert Harding World Imagery / Alamy), View image of Young male elephants often play-fight (Credit: Martin Harvey / Alamy), males were more likely to spend time with relatives, View image of Elephants often gather at waterholes (Credit: Johan Swanepoel / Alamy), View image of When males do fight, it is suitably epic (Credit: Steve Bloom Images / Alamy), View image of Male elephants spend plenty of time hanging out (Credit: Frans Lanting Studio / Alamy). "When an older male wants to spar with a younger male, they will often get down on their knees," says Poole. But this wasn't thought to happen in African elephants. Six tons of elephant coming at each other is totally terrifying. As far as I know, this phenomenon occurs with elephant bulls only – particularly with Asian elephant bulls. Males are more touchy-feely than the females are during family visits to the water hole. O'Connell-Rodwell tracked the males' dominance hierarchies during the dry season over four years; two that were wetter than normal, and two that were drier. They described the phenomenon in 1981. head. Mali’s desert elephants, in Africa, migrate almost 300 miles in a year, as far as 35 miles in a day, all in pursuit of water. The poet John Donne said that elephants were "the only harmless great thing", but he clearly never saw musth males fighting. In Asian Elephants, only the males have tusks. receptive females that he encounters. Raised from birth in a female-dominated world of mothers and maternal helpers, males leave their birth families as teenagers. their entire lives in the company of their mothers, In the Males experience their first musth at about 30 years of age. Elephants have traditionally lived in this area and in the earlier part of the 20th century there were about 3,000 in the Kunene Region. They used DNA from dung samples to work out how all the males were related, and noted which males interacted or play-fought. At this musth. Elephantbull Maxie in Musth How do elephant bulls change in … So when males would occasionally appear in their study area with dribbling penises and exuding a strong smell, at first Moss thought it was an illness. Prior to Chiyo's work on males, "there wasn't very much known beyond some studies in Amboseli [in Kenya], but there was a lot assumed," says his former supervisor Susan Alberts of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina. something that we have to admit that we just don’t One of Poole's favourite male interactions is when older bulls play-fight with younger males. Caitlin O'Connell-Rodwell of Utopia Scientific has studied a "boys club" of over 200 males living in Etosha National Park in Namibia. African elephants have two finger-like growths on the tip of their trunks; Asian elephants only have one. Prior to their fathers being culled, young adolescent male elephants would often follow older, s+xually active males around, studying what they should do. But this came from observations of males that had left their own family and joined another, "where they are not as welcome as they would be with their own family," Poole explains. Orphan elephants go on the rampage. Asian elephants are distributed in several countries over the relevant continent, such as Sri Lanka and Sumatra: hence their given names. Instead, they might move off and join another family, or move from family to family. Many mammals segregate by sex, with males and females occupying different ranges for at least part of the year. African elephant males are perceived to be aggressive, hormonal and antisocial. male elephants go into musth at different times of the periods individually, without being synchronized to each 2. But it turns out they have friendships and can act as leaders and teachers. Sometimes male elders teach young ones mischievous habits. CAC is a program This shapes the males' behaviour. There's no question that male elephants can be aggressive, hormone–driven killers. Namibia. in musth or not, he will eagerly breed with any Musth males get an immediate boost in the male pecking order. Females are more business-oriented, she says: they "get in there, drink, protect the little ones, and get out.". Their Asian contemporaries can be found in Nepal, India and Southeast Asia … season. She says this is a great example of elephant understanding and empathy. Around the age of 30, males will begin breeding with females and will temporarily rejoin herds when looking for … Female elephants are social animals, living in herds with their … Appearance: Black or reddish-brown. "It was already very clear from the work of Iain Douglas-Hamilton that males and females lived very different lives," she says. serves the reproductive fitness of the males. It exists to minimise conflict over access to resources like water, says O'Connell-Rodwell, so if there is plenty to go around the males can go wild. from the temporal glands on the sides of his "I called it the green penis disease," she says. But what happens next? There, the specialized vomeronasal organ could detect the key chemical messages. At the water hole, elephant males have a surprising repertoire of friendly or "affiliative" behaviours. The African elephant is possibly the world's most versatile herbivore. Most elephants don’t get that large, but African bush elephants do grow larger than Asian elephants. of the • Elephant herds are extended family units comprised of females and headed by a matriarch – an older female. Both species … However, whether this hormonal surge is the sole cause of musth, or merely a contributing factor, is unknown. elephants never like to be alone, and choose to spend Weight: Up to 4,000 kg (8,820 pounds). year. oddest things about this phenomenon is that different It was once assumed that, after a male elephant has left his birth family, he spent a lot of time alone, or in "social relationships that were not functionally significant," says Alberts. We do know that Mammut exhibited the same sort of sexual dimorphism in the pelvis as do living elephants (Green 2006), perhaps implying the same sort of soft-tissue morphology. As different families intermingle, males find other males to roughhouse with and play with, and get to know other young males of their age group. But are they really the solitary beasts we've imagined, or are they just misunderstood? The male elephant will either roam the savannah alone or team up with other males in a loose bachelor herd. be seen in many hoofed animals. But the stable hierarchy sometimes breaks down. He typically picks a fight with any other male During the dry years, everyone followed the rules and adhered to a clearly established pecking order. A tusk-less adult elephant is likely to be a female Asian elephant. Sumatran elephants feed on a variety of plants and deposit seeds wherever they go, contributing to a healthy forest ecosystem. male elephant is in musth or not, he spends most of his photo M. Noonan. So which males hang out together? But after seeing some photographs of musth in Asian elephants, Moss and Poole put two and two together, and realized that African elephant males must also be experiencing periodic musth. This change has got hormonal reasons. Their field data showed that musth males were the most active and most likely to mate with the females. It seems clear that the young males are learning from their elders. But there is more to it than that. Name: Southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonine). puberty, they spend the rest of their lives—thirty or They are also extremely aggressive, and discharge an almost continuous dribble of urine that creates a scent trail as they walk. Female African Elephants have small tusks while Male African Elephants have large tusks. other and without being synchronized to any particular Length: Up to 6.2 meters (20.3 feet). And, there is something that is particularly unusual about male elephants. But in areas where humans pose a threat, such as near croplands, males form large groups even when food is scarce, presumably for safety in numbers. "It's very striking, it's like bonded males in a bar," says O'Connell-Rodwell. Southern elephants are the largest of all seals. wild, whenever you see an adult elephant all alone, you However, one of the how this trait is adaptive—that is, how the musth period The continent’s northernmost elephants are found in Sahel area of Mali. A family usually consist of a mother, her sisters, daughters their babies (calves). adult males. Spending less time with their elders, they appear to have more testosterone spikes, and are more aggressive. can safely bet it is an adult male. Learn more. In wet years, "you don't have to kowtow to the don because you can drink anywhere," says O'Connell-Rodwell. The tusks also protect the trunk—another valuable tool for drinking, … So why he To other bulls, musth is advertising, "I'm in very good shape. The older male was finding out if the female was fertile, by bringing his urine-dipped trunk tip to the roof of his mouth. Male elephants have a reputation as loners. Poole once watched a 6-month-old male looking up at a 30-year old who was sampling a puddle of urine left behind by a female. Males also have dominance hierarchies: pecking orders that are strongly affected by the availability of water. 3. Males are also more difficult to study, he says, because they are not constrained by slow-moving babies and so can range more widely. African elephant Habitat Facts African elephants live in sub-Saharan Africa, the rain forests of Central and West Africa and the Sahel desert in Mali. The Mali Elephant Project exemplifies what is possible through true collaboration, the recognition of local leadership, and empowering grassroots solutions. The largest elephant on record was an adult male African elephant. Male elephant seals vocalizing with the loud 'clap-threats.' When it comes to African elephants, "I think people often consider male behaviour less interesting," says Patrick Chiyo of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. Friendly males will take their trunks and put them over each other's heads, intertwine their trunks, put their ear over another male's rear or head, and use any way they can to touch each other. Elephant males may not form the same kinds of close-knit friendships as female-led groups, but Chiyo and others have shown that male aggregations are far from random. The elephant trunk is an impressive instrument that’s almost akin to a human hand. The Elephant Sanctuary in Tennessee provides captive elephants a safe haven dedicated to their well-being. I'm surging with aggressive hormones, and I'll kill you if you challenge me." The average life expectancy of a male elephant seal is 14 … They have grey skin and differ in the size of their ears and tusks, and in the shape and size of their skulls.. African elephant, facts and photos. Whether a elephant that he encounters. Southern elephant seals breed on land but spend their winters in the frigid Antarctic waters near the Antarctic pack ice. They serve a variety of purposes: digging, lifting objects, gathering food, stripping bark from trees to eat, and defense. point, it’s very difficult for scientists to understand Elephants roam great distances to find enough food and water. ways it is like the aggressive "rutting season" that can Popular culture has painted male African elephants as aggressive, anti-social loners. becomes very irritable at this time and he Even the trunks of Asian and African elephants are different. Conservation status: Least concern. there is something that is particularly unusual Cynthia Moss has been studying elephants in Amboseli, Kenya since 1972. Just like females, Chiyo found that social influence appears to increase with age, and older males have a greater influence on group cohesion - although the patterns among males were weaker and more random than bonds between females. Testosterone-charged musth males sometimes fight to the death. Over the years researchers have filled in those gaps, and it turns out we have misjudged male African elephants. When a male elephant reaches maturity, he leaves the herd. The Kunene Region in the northwest of Namibia is an area of mostly sandy desert, rocky mountains and stony plains which covers about 115,154 square kilometres (44,461 sq mi). Institute for the Study of Human-Animal All elephants have four legs, bulky bodies, large ears, and a trunk. To females, a musth bull is saying, "I'm in very good condition, I've lived long enough, and I can give you a healthy calf that's going to inherit my good genes, virility, and longevity," says Moss. Most African elephants have tusks, as do many, but not all, male Asian elephants. Instantly recognised around the world thanks to their trunks and tusks, elephants are the world's largest land animals. True to WILD’s signature style of conservation, we foster local autonomy and problem-solving among our Malian partners who control the work; we do not provide aid or … Female Elephant seals have an average life expectancy of about 20 years, and can give birth starting at the age of 3 – 4. Where do these independent teenagers go, what do they do, and whom do they learn from? And whether he is • Male elephants in captivity have very different needs and requirements for their individualized care. And, When this happens, testosterone levels He weighed about 24,000 pounds (10,886 kilograms) and was 13 feet (3.96 meters) tall at the shoulder! Moss calls it "a kind of Jekyll and Hyde transformation". Where do these independent teenagers go, what do they do, and whom do they learn from? As a result, the young bulls don't have as much oversight. They are often the target of hunters – both legal and illegal – in Africa. 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